Journal: The Journal of Headache and Pain

Article Title: Nr4a1 regulates microglia overactivation-mediated neuroinflammation to ameliorate cognitive impairment in trigeminal neuralgia rats

doi: 10.1186/s10194-026-02293-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hippocampal neurons in TN rats exhibit impaired autophagy and reduced synaptic plasticity. ( a - d ) Metabolomic sequencing revealed the enrichment of autophagy-related genes (PLS-DA plot, volcano plot of differential metabolites, KEGG enrichment bar plot, and bubble chart). ( e - g ) Protein expression levels of LC3-II and p62 were analyzed using western blotting ( n = 4). ( h ) Representative TEM images of hippocampal neuronal ultrastructure (orange arrows indicate autophagosomes) ( n = 3). Scale bar = 2 μm. ( i ) Transcriptomic sequencing indicated the enrichment of synaptic plasticity and cognition-related genes (GSEA bar plot). ( j - l ) Protein expression levels of SYN and PSD95 were analyzed using western blotting ( n = 4). ( m - n ) TEM images of hippocampal synaptic structures and measurements of PSD thickness (orange arrows indicate synaptic structures) ( n = 3). Scale bar = 500 nm. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Cells were blocked with 2% bovine serum albumin and incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against Iba1 (1:300; ab283319, Abcam), p-Akt2 (1:200; 8599, Cell Signaling Technology), or Postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) (1:200; 3409, Cell Signaling Technology).

Techniques: Metabolomic, Sequencing, Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: The Journal of Headache and Pain

Article Title: Nr4a1 regulates microglia overactivation-mediated neuroinflammation to ameliorate cognitive impairment in trigeminal neuralgia rats

doi: 10.1186/s10194-026-02293-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Nr4a1 overexpression improved neuronal autophagy and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of TN rats. ( a ) Representative TEM images of hippocampal neuronal ultrastructure (orange arrows indicate autophagosomes) ( n = 3). Scale bar = 2 μm. ( b - d ) Protein expression levels of LC3-II and p62 were analyzed using western blotting ( n = 6). ( e - j ) Protein expression levels of BDNF, TrkB, SYN, and PSD95 were analyzed using western blotting ( n = 6). ( k ) Representative Golgi staining images of hippocampal dendritic spines (different arrow types indicate spine morphologies). Scale bar = 10 μm. ( l - t ) Quantitative analysis of total dendritic spine density, mature spine density, and immature spine density in the hippocampus ( n = 6). Data are expressed as mean ± SD. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Cells were blocked with 2% bovine serum albumin and incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against Iba1 (1:300; ab283319, Abcam), p-Akt2 (1:200; 8599, Cell Signaling Technology), or Postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) (1:200; 3409, Cell Signaling Technology).

Techniques: Over Expression, Expressing, Western Blot, Staining